Short answer. If you need more space, use the back of the page. (5 pts. each; 50 total).

1. Define and explain the relationships that exist between taxonomic rank, amount of variation, and number of shared character-states.

 2. Listed below are the scientific names used to describe and classify a single species of sunflower known locally as a "Jerusalem Artichoke". For each of the names, identify the taxonomic rank.

What is the species name? ______________________________

3. You are hungry and decide to eat a strawberry, a fig, and a handful of shelled peanuts. Describe in botanical terms what you eat and what you discard.

4. Is a banana a berry or a pepo? Argue both sides of the issue.

5. Describe phenetic analysis (philosophy and methodology) and indicate how this differs from the traditional or intuitive approach to classification.

6. You are a taxonomist studying the genus Beatifica which has 5 species. During the course of your work, you perform a cladistic analysis to determine the phylogenetic relationships among members of Beatifica, using a closely related genus as an outgroup. Below is a summary of the characters you chose for the analysis, and the data matrix you obtained after comparing the five species to the outgroup.

Characters Chosen and Character-State Coding

Character #1: Plant habit. 0 = upright; 1 = vining.

Species	Plant habit (1)	Petal color (2)	Petal fusion (3)	Petal length (4)	Ovary position (5)	Fruit type (6)
A	0	1	0	0	1	0
B	1	1	1	0	0	1
C	0	0	1	0	0	1
D	1	0	1	0	0	1
E	0	1	0	1	1	0
outgroup	0	0	0	0	0	0

Use the character matrix (above) and the most-parsimonious cladogram (below) to answer the following questions.

6A: Indicate the evolution of all six characters on the tree. That is, show all OG A E B D C apomorphies.

6B: Which character(s) support the monophyly of clade "A+E"?

6C: Identify one homoplasious character.

6D: Identify two autapomorphic characters.

7. Describe the evolution of the angiosperm compound ovary from an ancestral pre-angiosperm with megasporophylls bearing marginal sporangia. Your answer must include and provide a clear distinction between these terms: megasporophyll, carpel, locule, ovary, gynoecium, septum, ovule, placentation. Feel free to use diagrams, if it helps.

8. The pear and peanuts that you ate left you longing for a green salad, consisting of lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, celery, and alfalfa sprouts. Provide a botanical description of your feast.

9. Explain how most inferior ovaries originated, from ancestors that had superior ovaries? 

10. Describe the flower that has this floral formula 

1.	26.
2.	27.
3.	28.
4.	29.
5.	30.
6.	31.
7.	32.
8.	33.
9.	34.
10.	35.
11.	36.
12.	37.
13.	38.
14.	39.
15.	40.
16.	41.
17.	42.
18.	43.
19.	44.
20.	45.
21.	46.
22.	47.
23.	48.
24.	49.
25.	50.